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It seems that every class has access to 4 different Combat Allies, being able to assign one of them at a time for 50 Ресурсы оплота класса, helping you while outdoors in the Broken Isles. You can freely switch them around, unassign them to send them on missions etc., but assigning one will always cost Resources.
You can level your followers by assigning them as Combat Allies (at level 110, every quest and world quest gives 150 xp).
Combat Allies can be put in 3 categories:

Bodyguards: Pretty much the same as the bodyguards in WoD.

Will show up when you're on the Broken Isles (not in Dalaran or your order hall) and accompany you permanently.
Depending on the champion, will either be a pure dps, a tank (taunting every few seconds, but not necessarily holding aggro all that well), or a dps who will also heal you occasionally.
Classes without a tank spec don't seem to get tanking champions, I assume the same goes for non-healers.
Ranged dps will stand still while fighting, but they don't pull additional mobs even if they patrol right across them.
When bodyguards get killed, they will simply show up again seconds later with full health.
They will start attacking only when you attack something. If you get attacked by a mob, they will not automatically intervene. If you switch targets, they will switch a few seconds later. They will stop attacking cc'd mobs, e.g. disoriented.
Summonable allies: Can be summoned on a cooldown to help you for a short time.

If you have one of these assigned, you will get a button (Боевой спутник in the middle of your screen. You can drag that button to your action bars, same as the garrison abilities in WoD.
Will damage / debuff your enemies and/or heal you once or for a few seconds before they despawn.
"Random" allies: Will show up "randomly", but really when the internal cooldown is up and you meet a certain requirement (e.g. taking damage, so they will only show up while you're fighting).

When you're in a zone where the ally can show up, you will get a buff reminiscent of his ability.

None of the combat allies can be used while fighting a world boss.
Whenever you come near a world boss, bodyguards will disappear (but respawn when you move a few yards away). The random ally's buff will disappear and the summonable ally's ability will have no effect.

When you let your combat ally do most of the work and don't contribute enough dps, you might not get loot.

Rough dps/hps numbers for priest allies (single target):

Name	Type	dps	hps	Notes
Алонсий Фаол	Random	8k	10k	Has a 90s internal cd. When you take damage and he's off cd, he will show up to channel Опаляющий свет unto you, healing you for ~900k and damaging any enemies in the way for ~700k each over 10s. He will mostly spawn in a way that the cast hits your target automatically, but you might need to adjust a bit and be careful to not move the mobs out of the beam. After the cast, he will melee your target for about 25k before he despawns. -> Good burst damage, especially if you have multiple mobs lined up. Since he mostly shows up at the beginning of a fight, most of the healing will be wasted. He won't show up if you're with a tank and don't take any damage.
Верховная жрица Ишана	Summoned	160	4k	Has a 5 min. cooldown (tooltip says 2 min.). When you use Свет наару, she appears to cast Свет наару once before despawning, healing you (and nearby allies) for 75% health and damaging enemies for ~45k. The radius is quite high, so she might pull additonal mobs, even if they're 10-20 yards away. -> Seems pretty pointless unless you need that big heal every 5 min.
Сол	Bodyguard	14k	26k	Rotates between damaging your target with Священный огонь Божественная кара and healing you with Слово Света: Безмятежность Исцеление. Will only heal you when you're below 100%, will do more damage if there's nothing to heal (about 22k dps). -> Good sustained dps and healing, but only single target.
Забра Проклинатель	Bodyguard	14k	0	Uses "Слово Тьмы: Боль"Взрыв разума Стрела Бездны Пытка разума to damage your target, also slowing it with Mind Flay. The fact that he applies Shadow Word: Pain to your target might be quite annoying if you're shadow and you don't track your dots with an addon like WA or TMW. -> About the same damage as Sol without any healing, only advantage is that he sometimes slows enemies.

All this has been tested by killing a few mobs (the same ones for every champion, no damage taken buffs etc.), so no big sample sizes. Char ilvl was ~840, follower ilvl 760 except for Ishanah (810). Zabra & Alonsus were common, Sol uncommon, Ishanah rare. I don't know if any of these factors influence dps/hps.

tl;dr: Seems like Sol is the best choice for mostly killing single mobs, whether you have a tank with you or not. Alonsus might be a good alternative if you often find yourself fighting multiple (melee) mobs.

Комментарий от echomonotony

Req lvl 103 and completed the Prophet Velen Scenario (A Falling Star quest line)

Whispers in the Void
- Speak to Gilner Greymoss

The Best and Brightest
- Find Zabra Hexx in Azsuna.

Murloc Mind Control
- Rescue Yalia Sagewhisper
An Ample Supply
- Felbat Toxin Salve (12)

Problem Salver
- Demon Hunters cured (8)

Champion: Yalia Sagewhisper
Champion: Zabra Hexx

Looking Through the Lens
- Recover the Lens of the Tide from Lady Hatecoil within the Eye of Azshara dungeon.
- Wrath of Azshara slain

Комментарий от Sjokolata

Kills rabbit. Shouts "You're no match for ma powah!"

Комментарий от Zakkaru

To be honest I'm quite happy he got retconned to be Shadow Priest. His story in comic didn't make much sense to me as how he even got there as Darkspear, and he was more filling a trope of "black sidekick" to a human hero.